JOB CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AFFECT ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AT PT. AEP (ANGLO EASTERN PLANTATION) UKINDO BLANKAHAN ESTATE

  • Muhammad Nazri Ilham University Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
  • Rendi Andika University Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
  • H.Muhammad Isa Indrawan University Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Keywords: job characteristics, interpersonal relationships, affective commitment, normative commitment

Abstract

Organizational commitment refers to the thinking of individuals in the organization and working effectively and positively for the organization. Employee organizational commitment is a key factor that contributes to the achievement of organizational goals. The final performance of an organization depends on the level of commitment of its employees. This study is focused on knowing the characteristics of work and interpersonal relationships that affect the organizational commitment of employees in plantation sector organizations in Indonesia, especially at PT. AEP (Anglo Eastern Plantation) Ukindo Blankahan Estate North Sumatra, Indonesia. Characteristics of work consisting of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback, and interpersonal relationships are the 6 main independent variables in this study. Affective commitment and normative commitment are the two main dependent variables for this study. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted to collect primary data from 100 randomly selected employees covering the plantation sector in Indonesia, especially at PT. AEP (Anglo Eastern Palntation) Ukindo Blankahan Estate North Sumatra, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The findings reveal that skill variation (NOW), interpersonal relations (IRP), and autonomy (WOE) are significant and positive factors that can increase the affective commitment of employees in plantation sector organizations. Skill variation (NOW), task identity (PAA), autonomy (WOE), and feedback (RME) were significant and positive factors that increased normative commitment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1]. Abu Elanain, H. M. (2009). Job characteristics, work attitudes and behaviors in a nonwestern context. Journal of Management Development, 28(5), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910955985
[2]. Adams, R. G., & Blieszner, R. (1994). An Integrative Conceptual Framework for Friendship Research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(2), 163–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594112001
[3]. Agarwal, S., & Ramaswami, S. N. (1993). Affective organizational committment of salespeople: An expanded model. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 13(2), 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.1993.10753947
[4]. Ahmad, A. (2018). The relationship among job characteristics organizational commitment and employee turnover intentions. Journal of Work-Applied Management, 10(1), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWAM-09-2017-0027
[5]. Akila, A., & Priyadarshini, R. G. (2018). The impact of workplace friendships on organizational commitment and intention to leave. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 390(1), 12064. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/390/1/012064
[6]. Ali, S. A. M., Said, N. A., Yunus, N. M., Kader, S. F. A., Latif, D. S. A., & Munap, R. (2014). Hackman and Oldham’s Job Characteristics Model to Job Satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.646
[7]. Amakiri, D.-S. (2015). Job Design and Employee Absenteeism: A Case Study of Some Government Parastatals in Nigeria. International Journal of Secondary Education, 3(6), 67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsedu.s.2015030601.11
[8]. Bahrami, M. A., Barati, O., Ghoroghchian, M., Montazer-alfaraj, R., & Ranjbar Ezzatabadi, M. (2016). Role of Organizational Climate in Organizational Commitment: The Case of Teaching Hospitals. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 7(2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.009
[9]. Baruk, A. I., & Iwanicka, A. (2015). Polish final purchasers’ expectations towards the features of dairy product packaging in the context of buying decisions. British Food Journal, 117(1), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-06-2014-0188
[10]. Beneke, J., Flynn, R., Greig, T., & Mukaiwa, M. (2013). The influence of perceived product quality, relative price and risk on customer value and willingness to buy: a study of private label merchandise. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 22(3), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-02-2013-0262
[11]. Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter, Jr., M. N. (2002). Workplace Relations: Friendship Patterns and Consequences (According to Managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00172
[12]. Bhuian, S. N., Al‐Shammari, E. S., & Jefri, O. A. (1996). Organization Comitment, Job Datisfaction and Job Characteristics: An Empirical Study Of Expatriates In Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 6(3/4), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb047336
[13]. Brehm, S. S. (1985). Intimate Relationships (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[14]. Bridge, K., & Baxter, L. A. (1992). Blended relationships: Friends as work associates. Western Journal of Communication, 56(3), 200–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319209374414
[15]. Brummelhuis, L. L. ten, & Bakker, A. B. (2012). A resource perspective on the work–home interface: The work–home resources model. American Psychologist, 67(7), 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027974
[16]. Choge, P. J., Chepkiyeng, F., & Chelimo, K. K. (2014). Effects of Task Identity on Employee Motivation: A Survey of Eldoret Polytechnic, Kenya. European Journal of Business and ManagementOnline), 6(33), 2222–2839. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.684.6203&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[17]. Choudhary, N., Kumar, R., & Philip, P. J. (2015). Leadership Effectiveness, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Task Performance: the Role of Job Characteristics At the Work Place. I J A B E R, 13(5), 3433–3448. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311558061_LEADERSHIP_EFFECTIVENESS_ORGANIZATIONAL_CITIZENSHIP_BEHAVIOR_AND_TASK_PERFORMANCE_THE_ROLE_OF_JOB_CHARACTERISTICS_AT_THE_WORK_PLACE/link/584c464108aecb6bd8c2e371/download
[18]. Clark, M. S., Mills, J., & Powell, M. C. (1986). Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(2), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.2.333
[19]. Cohen, A. (1996). On The Discriminant Validity of the Meyer and Allen Measure of Organizational Commitment: How Does it Fit with the Work Commitment Construct? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56(3), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164496056003011
[20]. Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple Commitments in the Workplace. In Administrative Science Quarterly (Vol. 49). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607423
[21]. DeConinck, J., & Bachmann, D. (2005). An analysis of turnover among retail buyers. Journal of Business Research, 58(7), 874–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.10.009
[22]. Djastuti, I. (2010). The Influence of Job Characteristics on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Managerial Performance; A Study on Construction Companies in Central Java. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 3(2), 145–166. Retrieved from http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/jeasci/2018/4344-4352.pdf
[23]. Dobel, J. P. (2001). Can Public Leaders Have Friends? Public Integrity, 3(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/15580989.2001.11770864
[24]. Faraji, O., Ramazani, A. A., Hedaiati, P., Aliabadi, A., Elhamirad, S., & Valiee, S. (2015). Relationship Between Job Characteristics and Organizational Commitment: A Descriptive Analytical Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(11), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.19815
[25]. Feeley, T. H., Hwang, J., & Barnett, G. A. (2008). Predicting Employee Turnover from Friendship Networks. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 36(1), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880701799790
[26]. Gautam, T., Van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Upadhyay, N., & Davis, A. J. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment in Nepal. Asian Journal Of Social Psychology, 8(3), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2005.00172.x
[27]. Ghosh, S., & Swamy, D. R. (2014). A Literature Review on Organizational Commitment – A Comprehensive Summary. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(1), 2248–962204. Retrieved from http://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol4_issue12/Part - 1/B0412010414.pdf
[28]. Glazer, S., Daniel, S. C., & Short, K. M. (2004). A Study of the Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Human Values in Four Countries. Human Relations, 57(3), 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726704043271
[29]. Guise, M. T. (1988). Test Of Hackman And Oldham’s Job Characteristics Model In A Post Secondary Educational Setting (Brock University). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10464/2091
[30]. Gunlu, E., Aksarayli, M., & Şahin Perçin, N. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment of hotel managers in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(5), 693–717. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111011053819
[31]. Hackman, J. R., and Oldham, G. R. (1974). The Job Diagnostic Survey: An Instrument for the Diagnosis of Jobs and the Evaluation of Job Redesign Projects. In Yale University, Department of Administration Science, New Haven, CT. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED099580.pdf
[32]. Hackman, J. R., & Lawler, E. E. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(3), 259–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031152
[33]. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076546
[34]. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
[35]. Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall International.
[36]. Haq, M. A. ul, Jindong, Y., Hussain, N., & Anjum, Z.-Z. (2014). Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment Among Bank Officers In Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(4), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16411824
[37]. Harvey, R. J., Billings, R. S., & Nilan, K. J. (1985). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Job Diagnostic Survey: Good news and bad news. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(3), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.3.461
[38]. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
[39]. Hsu, Y.-P., Peng, C.-Y., Chou, M.-T., Yeh, C.-T., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Workplace Friendship, Helping Behavior, and Turnover Intention: The Meditating Effect of Affective Commitment. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 10(5), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.47260/amae/1054
[40]. Huber, F., Herrmann, A., & Henneberg, S. C. (2007). Measuring customer value and satisfaction in services transactions, scale development, validation and cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(6), 554–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00596.x
[41]. Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1332–1356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1332
[42]. Idaszak, J. R., Bottom, W. P., & Drasgow, F. (1988). A test of the measurement equivalence of the revised Job Diagnostic Survey: Past problems and current solutions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(4), 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.647
[43]. Idaszak, J. R., & Drasgow, F. (1987). A revision of the Job Diagnostic Survey: Elimination of a measurement artifact. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.1.69
[44]. Khayat, O. M., & Gheitani, A. (2015). Study of the relation between job characteristics ( task significance and task identity ) and organizational learning. Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 10(13), 88–94. Retrieved from http://www.aensiweb.net/AENSIWEB/rjfh/rjfh/2015/Special/88-94.pdf
[45]. Kianpour, K., Jusoh, A., & Asghari, M. (2014). Environmentally friendly as a new dimension of product quality. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 31(5), 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-06-2012-0079
[46]. Kónya, V., Matić, D., & Pavlović, J. (2016). The influence of demographics, job characteristics and characteristics of organizations on employee commitment. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 13(3), 119–138. Retrieved from http://acta.uni-obuda.hu/Konya_Matic_Pavlovic_67.pdf
[47]. Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring Alternatives: The Role of Peer Relationships in Career Development. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.5465/256064
[48]. Kwon, S.-J., & Bae, S.-K. (2009). Analysis of Impact Factors of Affective Commitment in Organization of Dental Hygienist in Susan Area -Focused on Quality of Working Life(QWL)-. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 9(5), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2009.9.5.156
[49]. Lee, K. Y., & Kim, S. (2010). The Effects of Commitment-Based Human Resource Management on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: The Mediating Role of the Psychological Contract. World Journal of Management, 2(1), 130–147. Retrieved from https://silo.tips/download/the-effects-of-commitment-based-human-resource-management-on-organizational-citi
[50]. Lin, J. P., & Ping, N. C. L. (2016). Perceived Job Autonomy and Employee Engagement as Predictors of Organizational Commitment. Undergraduate Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 1–16. Retrieved from https://journals.uncc.edu/ujop/article/view/412
[51]. Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Motivating by Enriching Jobs to Make Them More Interesting and Challenging. International Journal of Business and Management, 15(1), 1–11. Retrieved from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic Journal Volumes/Lunenburg, Fred C Motivating by Enriching Jobs IJMBA V15 N1 2011.pdf
[52]. Madi, M., Abu-Jarad, I., & Alqahtani, H. M. (2012). Employees’ perception and organizational commitment: A study on the banking sector in Gaza, Palestine. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(16), 299–312. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1058.3377&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[53]. Mainiero, L. A. (1989). Office Romance: love, power, and sex in the workplace. New York: Rawson Associates.
[54]. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.171
[55]. Mosadeghrad, A. M., Ferlie, E., & Rosenberg, D. (2008). A study of the relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention among hospital employees. Health Services Management Research, 21(4), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1258/hsmr.2007.007015
[56]. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1
[57]. Naqvi, S. M. M. R., Ishtiaq, M., Kanwal, N., & Ali, M. (2013). Impact of Job Autonomy on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture in Fast Food Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(17), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n17p92
[58]. Nguyen, T. N., Mai, K. N., & Nguyen, P. V. (2014). Factors Affecting Employees’ Organizational Commitment–A Study of Banking Staff in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.12720/joams.2.1.7-11
[59]. Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and Validation of Scores on a Two-Dimensional Workplace Friendship Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640021970655
[60]. Obi, H. N., Joe-Akunne, C. O., & Oguegbe, T. M. (2013). Job Characteristic As Predictors Of Organizational Comitment Among Private Sector Workers In Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(2), 482–491. Retrieved from https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5007/article/view/2432
[61]. Ozturk, A. B., Hancer, M., & Im, J. Y. (2014). Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment for Hotel Workers in Turkey. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(3), 294–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2013.796866
[62]. Pinder, C. C. (1984). Work Motivation; Theory, Issues, and Applications. Glenview.: Foresman and Company.
[63]. Reich, T. C., & Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). Interpersonal relationships at work. In APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol 3: Maintaining, expanding, and contracting the organization. (pp. 223–248). https://doi.org/10.1037/12171-006
[64]. S. Thirunavukarasu, & Sritharan, R. (2016). Influence of Job Characteristics on Organisational Commitment among Private Sectors , Cuddalore. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 6(3), 762–764. Retrieved from https://www.ijemr.net/DOC/InfluenceOfJobCharacteristicsOnOrganisationalCommitmentAmongPrivateSectorsCuddalore(762-764).pdf
[65]. Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5
[66]. Sharma, M. P. (1997). Organisational Commitment and Its Determinants. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 33(2), 193–210. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27767525
[67]. Shrestha, D. (2012). Consequence of Gender and Job Characteristics with Normative Commitment. Journal of Nepalese Business Studies, 7(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v7i1.6411
[68]. Sias, P. M. (2009). Organizing Relationships: Traditional and Emerging Perspectives on Workplace Relationships. New York: SAGE Publications, Inc.
[69]. Sias, P. M., & Cahill, D. J. (1998). From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace. Western Journal of Communication, 62(3), 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319809374611
[70]. Sias, P. M., Smith, G., & Avdeyeva, T. (2003). Sex and sex‐composition differences and similarities in peer workplace friendship development. Communication Studies, 54(3), 322–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970309363289
[71]. Sisodia, S., & Das, I. (2013). Effect of Job Autonomy Upon Organizational Commitment of Employees at Different Hierarchical Level. Psychological Thought, 6(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v6i2.65
[72]. Srivalli, P., & Vijayalakshmi, B. (2015). Job Satisfaction: A Study on Interpersonal Relationship and Faculty Workload. International Journal on Global Business Management and Research, 3(2). Retrieved from http://www.rajalakshmi.org/ijgbmr/downloads/IJGBMRMar15-Paper6.pdf
[73]. Steers, R. M., & Spencer, D. G. (1977). The role of achievement motivation in job design. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 472–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.62.4.472
[74]. Steinhaus, C. S., & Perry, J. L. (1996). Organizational Commitment: Does Sector Matter? Public Productivity & Management Review, 19(3), 278–288. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3380575
[75]. Stinglhamber, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2003). Organizations and supervisors as sources of support and targets of commitment: a longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(3), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.192
[76]. Ting, S.-C., & Ho, M.-H. (2017). The Influence of Workplace Friendship, Job Involvement, and Organizational Identification on Job Performance: Administrative Staffs of Private Science and Technology Universities in South Taiwan as an Example. International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 9(6), 46–58. Retrieved from https://ijhss.net/index.php/ijhss/article/viewFile/350/122
[77]. Tirelli, C., & Pilar Martínez-Ruiz, M. (2014). Influences of product attributes on sojourners’ food purchase decisions. British Food Journal, 116(2), 251–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2012-0019
[78]. Tompson, H. B., & Werner, J. M. (1997). The Impact of Role Conflict/Facilitation on Core and Discretionary Behaviors: Testing a Mediated Model. Journal of Management, 23(4), 583–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639702300405
[79]. Tse, H. H. M., Dasborough, M. T., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2008). A multi-level analysis of team climate and interpersonal exchange relationships at work. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 195–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.005
[80]. Tummers, L., Steijn, B., Nevicka, B., & Heerema, M. (2018). The Effects of Leadership and Job Autonomy on Vitality: Survey and Experimental Evidence. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(3), 355–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16671980
[81]. Umukoro, B. (2019). Job-Characteristics Dimensions and Employee Continuance Commitment. European Journal of Business and Management, 19(10). https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-27-03
[82]. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (1992). Examining the Causal Order of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Management, 18(1), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800110
[83]. Volmer, J., Spurk, D., & Niessen, C. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.10.005
[84]. Wheatley, M. J. (2009). Leadership and the New Science: Discovering Order in a Chaotic World (3th ed.). Oakland, California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
Published
2022-06-30
How to Cite
Muhammad Nazri Ilham, Rendi Andika, & H.Muhammad Isa Indrawan. (2022). JOB CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AFFECT ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AT PT. AEP (ANGLO EASTERN PLANTATION) UKINDO BLANKAHAN ESTATE. INFOKUM, 10(02), 1296-1311. Retrieved from http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/article/view/640